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How to calculate pm.max_children value on a Plesk server?

Leo Mastropierro
Updated
kb: how-to Plesk for Linux Ideal

Applicable to:

  • Plesk for Linux

Question

How to calculate pm.max_children value on a Plesk server?

Answer

  1. Connect to the server via SSH.
  2. Calculate and change the value of the parameter pm.max_children based on the amount of RAM on the system and the number of CPU cores (Each PHP-FPM process uses a CPU to execute PHP code. These processes are executed independently by the OS and compete for access to processor cores.).
    The PHP script can:
    - CPU-bound: Perform arithmetic, cycles, data conversions → loads CPU (CPU Load High)
    - I/O-bound: Perform I/O waits (working with database, network, files) → CPU "waits", load drops (CPU Load Low/intermittent)
    If you have a lot of CPU-bound logic, then: Number of cores = parallelism ceiling.
    If you have a lot of I/O-bound logic, then: You can run more processes than cores (sometimes ×2–×4 of the number of cores), and everything will be ok.
    This impacts CPU (and memory) load, especially during DDoS or peak access.

  3. The following command will provide the number of processes, total RSS and average RSS in MB:

    # ps -C php-fpm -o rss= | awk '{sum+=$1; n++} END {if (n) printf "Processes: %d | Total: %.1f MB | Avg: %.1f MB\n", n, sum/1024, sum/n/1024}'
    Processes: 12 | Total: 1020 MB | Avg: 85 MB

  4. The following command will help to determine the number of CPU cores:

    # cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep processor | wc -l
    8

  5. If on average each PHP-FPM process takes ~85MB of RAM on the server, the appropriate value for pm.max_children can be calculated as follows:

    CONFIG_TEXT: pm.max_children = Total RAM dedicated to the web server / Max child process size

    For example, if the server has 8GB of RAM and 6GB of RAM is planned to be allocated to the web server, then the pm.max_children value will be the following:

    CONFIG_TEXT: pm.max_children = 6144MB / 85MB = 72

    In this case, the number of parallel processes per 1 processor core will be about ~10 (uses by Default).

    Note: The received number of children has to be distributed among all websites on the server. Keep in mind that most popular websites require more children while others, non-popular ones - less. Be sure to consider the number of cores on your server to avoid overloading the processor with too many simultaneous processes.

    Example of how to divide the result between websites

    There are 3 domains on the server:

    • example.com

      A popular online shop. The number of visitors is very high.

    • example.net

      A home page of some person. The number of visitors is almost zero.

    • example.org

      A little jewelry online shop that was created a month ago. The number of visitors is not high.

    Is the appropriate pm.max_children value was calculated to be 72, in this case, it is required to allocate children, for example, as follows:

    • For example.com:

      50 children.

    • For example.net:

      2 children.

    • For example.org:

      20 children.

  6. To apply changes for pm.max_children value customize PHP settings as per the article.
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Comments

3 comments
Date Votes
  • Avatar
    adrian TNT

    For tips, I would add:

    You can progressivly increase the value, and know exactly if it was too low, inside the log:

    /var/log/plesk-php82-fpm/error.log (replace php82 with your own version)
    It will mention exact domain name that reached the value and what the value limit was at that time:
    WARNING: [pool example3.com] server reached max_children setting (10)
    In this case example3.com had max_children set to 10 which was too low.
    0
  • Avatar
    adrian TNT

    Note the first link at point 4 is "not found":

    https://plesk-new.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/12377673921431-How-to-customize-PHP-FPM-pool-settings-for-a-domain-through-Plesk-graphical-interface-

    I think the right page is this:

    https://www.plesk.com/kb/support/how-to-customize-php-fpm-pool-settings-for-a-domain-through-plesk-graphical-interface-2/
    0
  • Avatar
    Permanently deleted user

    Hello Adrian,

    Thank you for the comments. The article was updated.

    1

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